🔊 Only the expression of the will of the Deity, not dependent on time, can relate to a whole series of events occurring over a period of years or centuries, and only the Deity, independent of everything, can by His sole will determine the direction of humanity’s movement; but man acts in time and himself takes part in what occurs.

唯有不受时间限制的神的意志之表达,才能与历时数年或数世纪的一系列事件相关；唯有超然万物的神,才能凭其独一的意志,决定人类运动的走向。然而人处于时间之中,亲自参与正在发生的事。

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Deity /ˈdiːɪti/

n. 神,神灵➕

🔊 Reinstating the first condition omitted, that of time, we see that no command can be executed without some preceding order having been given rendering the execution of the last command possible.

恢复被省略的第一项条件,即时间条件,我们看到:若无前一道命令使后一道命令得以执行成为可能,则任何命令都无法被执行。

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Reinstating /ˌriːɪnˈsteɪtɪŋ/

v. 恢复；重建➕

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preceding /prɪˈsiːdɪŋ/

adj. 在前的；在先的➕

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rendering /ˈrendərɪŋ/

v. 使成为；提供；表演➕

🔊 No command ever appears spontaneously, or itself covers a whole series of occurrences; but each command follows from another, and never refers to a whole series of events but always to one moment only of an event.

没有一道命令是自发起作用的,或自身涵盖一整系列事件；每道命令都源自另一道命令,且从不指涉整系列事件,而只指向事件中的某一个瞬间。

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spontaneously /spɒnˈteɪniəsli/

adv. 自发地；自然地➕

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occurrences /əˈkɜːrənsɪz/

n. 事件；发生的事➕

🔊 When, for instance, we say that Napoleon ordered armies to go to war, we combine in one simultaneous expression a whole series of consecutive commands dependent one on another. Napoleon could not have commanded an invasion of Russia and never did so. Today he ordered such and such papers to be written to Vienna, to Berlin, and to Petersburg; tomorrow such and such decrees and orders to the army, the fleet, the commissariat, and so on and so on--millions of commands, which formed a whole series corresponding to a series of events which brought the French armies into Russia.

例如,当我们说拿破仑命令军队开赴战场时,我们是将一连串相互依存的命令压缩在一个同时性的表达中。拿破仑不可能命令入侵俄国,也从未下过这样的命令。他今天命令向维也纳, 向柏林, 向彼得堡起草某些文件；明天又向陆军、海军、军需部等下达某些法令和命令--数百万道命令,它们构成了与引导法语军队进入俄国的一系列事件相对应的一系列命令。

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simultaneous /ˌsaɪməlˈteɪniəs/

adj. 同时发生的➕

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consecutive /kənˈsekjətɪv/

adj. 连续的；连贯的➕

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invasion /ɪnˈveɪʒn/

n. 入侵；侵略➕

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decrees /dɪˈkriːz/

n. 法令；政令➕

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fleet /fliːt/

n. 舰队；船队➕

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commissariat /ˌkɒmɪˈseəriət/

n. 军需处；后勤部➕

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corresponding /ˌkɒrɪˈspɒndɪŋ/

adj. 相应的；对应的➕

🔊 If throughout his reign Napoleon gave commands concerning an invasion of England and expended on no other undertaking so much time and effort, and yet during his whole reign never once attempted to execute that design but undertook an expedition into Russia, with which country he considered it desirable to be in alliance (a conviction he repeatedly expressed)--this came about because his commands did not correspond to the course of events in the first case, but did so correspond in the latter.

如果拿破仑在位期间就入侵英国一事下达过命令,并为此耗费了比其他任何事业都多的时间和精力,然而在整个统治期间却从未试图执行这一计划,反而发动了针对俄国的远征--他本认为与这个国家结盟是可取的（他屡次表达过这一信念）--这之所以发生,是因为他的命令在前一种情形下与事件进程不符,在后一种情形下则恰好相符。

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reign /reɪn/

n. 统治时期；君主统治➕

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expended /ɪkˈspendɪd/

v. 花费；消耗（时间、精力等）➕

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undertaking /ˌʌndəˈteɪkɪŋ/

n. 任务；事业；企业➕

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expedition /ˌekspəˈdɪʃn/

n. 远征；探险➕

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desirable /dɪˈzaɪərəbl/

adj. 令人满意的；值得拥有的➕

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alliance /əˈlaɪəns/

n. 联盟；结盟➕

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conviction /kənˈvɪkʃn/

n. 信念；坚信；定罪➕

🔊 For an order to be certainly executed, it is necessary that a man should order what can be executed. But to know what can and what cannot be executed is impossible, not only in the case of Napoleon’s invasion of Russia in which millions participated, but even in the simplest event, for in either case millions of obstacles may arise to prevent its execution. Every order executed is always one of an immense number unexecuted. All the impossible orders inconsistent with the course of events remain unexecuted. Only the possible ones get linked up with a consecutive series of commands corresponding to a series of events, and are executed.

要使命令确定无疑地被执行,必须命令那些可以执行的事。但要知道什么事可以执行、什么事不可以执行,是不可能的--不仅在涉及数百万人的拿破仑入侵俄国的案例中如此,即便在最简单的事件中也是如此,因为无论哪种情形,都可能出现数百万种障碍阻止其执行。每一道被执行的命令,总是无数未执行命令中的一个。所有与事件进程相悖的不可能命令都未被执行。只有那些可能的命令,才会与对应事件进程的一系列命令衔接起来,并得到执行。

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obstacles /ˈɒbstəklz/

n. 障碍；阻碍➕

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immense /ɪˈmens/

adj. 巨大的；极大的➕

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unexecuted /ˌʌnˈeksɪkjuːtɪd/

adj. 未执行的；未实施的➕

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inconsistent /ˌɪnkənˈsɪstənt/

adj. 不一致的；矛盾的➕

🔊 Our false conception that an event is caused by a command which precedes it is due to the fact that when the event has taken place and out of thousands of others those few commands which were consistent with that event have been executed, we forget about the others that were not executed because they could not be. Apart from that, the chief source of our error in this matter is due to the fact that in the historical accounts a whole series of innumerable, diverse, and petty events, such for instance as all those which led the French armies to Russia, is generalized into one event in accord with the result produced by that series of events, and corresponding with this generalization the whole series of commands is also generalized into a single expression of will.

我们认为事件是由其之前的命令所引发的这一错误观念,源于如下事实:当事件发生后,在成千上万道命令中,只有那少数与事件一致的命令得到了执行,我们便忘记了其他那些因不可行而未被执行的命令。除此之外,我们在此事上犯错的主要根源还在于:在历史记述中,一连串不计其数、形形色色、微不足道的事件--例如引导法语军队进入俄国的所有那些事件--被概括为与该系列事件所产生的结果相一致的一个事件；而与此概括相应,整系列命令也被概括为一个单独的意志表达。

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conception /kənˈsepʃn/

n. 概念；观念；构思➕

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precedes /prɪˈsiːdz/

v. 在……之前；先于➕

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consistent /kənˈsɪstənt/

adj. 一致的；始终如一的➕

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innumerable /ɪˈnjuːmərəbl/

adj. 无数的；数不清的➕

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diverse /daɪˈvɜːrs/

adj. 不同的；多样的➕

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petty /ˈpeti/

adj. 琐碎的；微不足道的➕

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generalized /ˈdʒenrəlaɪzd/

adj. 概括的；普遍的➕

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accord /əˈkɔːrd/

n. 一致；协议➕

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generalization /ˌdʒenrəlaɪˈzeɪʃn/

n. 概括；归纳➕

🔊 We say that Napoleon wished to invade Russia and invaded it. In reality in all Napoleon’s activity we never find anything resembling an expression of that wish, but find a series of orders, or expressions of his will, very variously and indefinitely directed. Amid a long series of unexecuted orders of Napoleon’s one series, for the campaign of 1812, was carried out--not because those orders differed in any way from the other, unexecuted orders but because they coincided with the course of events that led the French army into Russia; just as in stencil work this or that figure comes out not because the color was laid on from this side or in that way, but because it was laid on from all sides over the figure cut in the stencil.

我们说拿破仑想要入侵俄国,并果真入侵了。实际上,在拿破仑的全部活动中,我们从未发现任何类似于那种愿望的表达,而是发现了一系列命令,或者说他的意志的表达,方向极为多样且不确定。在拿破仑长期的一系列未予执行的命令中,有一系列命令--即1812年战役的命令--得到了执行；这并非因为这些命令与其他未执行命令有任何不同,而是因为它们与引导法语军队进入俄国的事件进程相吻合。正如镂花模板的制作:某个图形之所以显现,并非因为颜料从这一侧或那一侧涂上去,而是因为颜料从各个方向涂在了模板镂空的图形上。

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invaded /ɪnˈveɪdɪd/

v. 入侵；侵略➕

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resembling /rɪˈzemblɪŋ/

v. 类似；像➕

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variously /ˈveəriəsli/

adv. 不同地；以各种方式➕

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indefinitely /ɪnˈdefɪnətli/

adv. 无限期地；不确定地➕

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amid /əˈmɪd/

prep. 在……中；在……之中➕

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campaign /kæmˈpeɪn/

n. 战役；运动➕

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coincided /ˌkəʊɪnˈsaɪdɪd/

v. 同时发生；巧合➕

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stencil /ˈstensl/

n. 模板；蜡纸➕

🔊 So that examining the relation in time of the commands to the events, we find that a command can never be the cause of the event, but that a certain definite dependence exists between the two.

因此,在考察命令与事件在时间上的关系时,我们发现:命令绝不可能是事件的原因,但两者之间确实存在着某种特定的依赖关系。

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definite /ˈdefɪnət/

adj. 明确的；确定的➕

🔊

dependence /dɪˈpendəns/

n. 依赖；依存关系➕

🔊 To understand in what this dependence consists it is necessary to reinstate another omitted condition of every command proceeding not from the Deity but from a man, which is, that the man who gives the command himself takes part in the event.

要理解这种依赖关系究竟是什么,就必须恢复每道命令（并非来自神,而是来自人）被省略的另一项条件,即发命令的人本身也参与事件。

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reinstate /ˌriːɪnˈsteɪt/

v. 恢复；使复职➕

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proceeding /prəˈsiːdɪŋ/

v. 进行；前进➕

🔊 This relation of the commander to those he commands is just what is called power. This relation consists in the following: For common action people always unite in certain combinations, in which regardless of the difference of the aims set for the common action, the relation between those taking part in it is always the same.

指挥者与被指挥者之间的这种关系,正是所谓的权力。这种关系包含以下内容:为了共同行动,人们总是以某种组合联合起来,在这种组合中,无论共同行动所设定目标如何不同,参与者之间的关系始终如一。

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commander /kəˈmɑːndər/

n. 指挥官；司令官➕

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unite /juːˈnaɪt/

v. 联合；团结➕

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combinations /ˌkɒmbɪˈneɪʃnz/

n. 组合；结合体➕

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regardless /rɪˈɡɑːrdləs/

adv. 不管；不顾➕

🔊 Men uniting in these combinations always assume such relations toward one another that the larger number take a more direct share, and the smaller number a less direct share, in the collective action for which they have combined.

人们在这些组合中联合时,总是彼此采取这样的关系:较多数的人更直接地参与他们联合而成的集体行动,而较少数的人则较间接地参与。

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uniting /juːˈnaɪtɪŋ/

v. 联合；团结（现在分词）➕

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assume /əˈsjuːm/

v. 假设；承担；呈现➕

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collective /kəˈlektɪv/

adj. 集体的；共同的➕

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combined /kəmˈbaɪnd/

v. 结合；联合（过去式/过去分词）➕

🔊 Of all the combinations in which men unite for collective action one of the most striking and definite examples is an army. Every army is composed of lower grades of the service--the rank and file--of whom there are always the greatest number; of the next higher military rank--corporals and noncommissioned officers of whom there are fewer, and of still-higher officers of whom there are still fewer, and so on to the highest military command which is concentrated in one person.

在人们为集体行动而联合的一切组合中,最显著、最明确的例证之一就是军队。每支军队都由下层服役人员--即普通士兵--组成,其人数总是最多；其次是下一级军衔--下士和军士,人数较少；再其次是更高级军官,人数更少；如此递进,直至集中于一个人的最高军事指挥权。

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striking /ˈstraɪkɪŋ/

adj. 引人注目的；显著的➕

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composed /kəmˈpəʊzd/

v. 组成；创作（过去分词）➕

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grades /ɡreɪdz/

n. 等级；级别➕

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rank and file /ræŋk ənd faɪl/

n. 普通成员；基层士兵➕

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corporals /ˈkɔːrpərəlz/

n. 下士➕

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noncommissioned /ˌnɒnkəˈmɪʃnd/

adj. 无委任状的；士官的➕

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concentrated /ˈkɒnsntreɪtɪd/

v. 集中；专注（过去分词）➕

🔊 A military organization may be quite correctly compared to a cone, of which the base with the largest diameter consists of the rank and file; the next higher and smaller section of the cone consists of the next higher grades of the army, and so on to the apex, the point of which will represent the commander in chief.

军事组织完全可以比作一个圆锥体,其底端直径最大,由士兵构成；圆锥体次高、较小的部分由军队的次高级别构成；如此上升至顶端,其顶点代表总司令的意志。

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organization /ˌɔːrɡənaɪˈzeɪʃn/

n. 组织；机构➕

🔊

cone /kəʊn/

n. 圆锥体➕

🔊

diameter /daɪˈæmɪtər/

n. 直径➕

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apex /ˈeɪpeks/

n. 顶点；尖端➕

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commander in chief /kəˈmɑːndər ɪn tʃiːf/

n. 总司令➕

🔊 The soldiers, of whom there are the most, form the lower section of the cone and its base. The soldier himself does the stabbing, hacking, burning, and pillaging, and always receives orders for these actions from men above him; he himself never gives an order. The noncommissioned officers (of whom there are fewer) perform the action itself less frequently than the soldiers, but they already give commands. An officer still less often acts directly himself, but commands still more frequently. A general does nothing but command the troops, indicates the objective, and hardly ever uses a weapon himself. The commander in chief never takes direct part in the action itself, but only gives general orders concerning the movement of the mass of the troops. A similar relation of people to one another is seen in every combination of men for common activity--in agriculture, trade, and every administration.

人数最多的士兵构成圆锥体的下层及其底端。士兵本人负责刺杀、砍杀、焚烧和掠夺,并且总是从上级那里接到执行这些行动的指令；他本人从不发号施令。军士（人数较少）亲自执行行动的频率低于士兵,但已经会下达命令。军官更少亲自直接行动,但更频繁地发令。将军几乎只管指挥部队、指示目标,本人极少使用武器。总司令从不直接参与行动本身,只就调动大部队发布总体命令。在人类为共同活动而进行的任何组合中--农业、贸易和一切行政管理中--都可以看到人与人之间的类似关系。

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stabbing /ˈstæbɪŋ/

n. 刺；戳➕

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hacking /ˈhækɪŋ/

n. 砍；劈➕

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pillaging /ˈpɪlɪdʒɪŋ/

n. 掠夺；抢劫➕

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troops /truːps/

n. 军队；部队➕

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indicates /ˈɪndɪkeɪts/

v. 表明；指示➕

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objective /əbˈdʒektɪv/

n. 目标；目的➕

🔊

administration /ədˌmɪnɪˈstreɪʃn/

n. 管理；行政；政府任期➕

🔊 And so without particularly analyzing all the contiguous sections of a cone and of the ranks of an army, or the ranks and positions in any administrative or public business whatever from the lowest to the highest, we see a law by which men, to take associated action, combine in such relations that the more directly they participate in performing the action the less they can command and the more numerous they are, while the less their direct participation in the action itself, the more they command and the fewer of them there are; rising in this way from the lowest ranks to the man at the top, who takes the least direct share in the action and directs his activity chiefly to commanding.

因此,我们无需特别分析圆锥体的一切相邻层面以及军队中的所有级别,或任何行政或公共事务中从最低到最高的级别和职位,就能看到一条规律:人们为采取联合行动而结合起来,其关系是这样的--越是直接参与行动的人,越不能发令,人数也越多；越是间接参与行动本身的人,越经常发令,人数也越少；这样从最底层上升到顶层的这个人,他采取最间接的参与,其主要活动就是指挥。

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particularly /pəˈtɪkjʊləli/

adv. 尤其；特别地➕

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analyzing /ˈænəlaɪzɪŋ/

v. 分析（analyze的现在分词）➕

🔊

contiguous /kənˈtɪɡjuəs/

adj. 相邻的；接触的➕

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ranks /ræŋks/

n. 等级；军衔；行列➕

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administrative /ədˈmɪnɪstrətɪv/

adj. 行政的；管理的➕

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associated /əˈsəʊʃieɪtɪd/

adj. 相关的；关联的➕

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participate /pɑːˈtɪsɪpeɪt/

v. 参与；参加➕

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performing /pəˈfɔːmɪŋ/

v. 执行；表演（perform的现在分词）➕

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numerous /ˈnjuːmərəs/

adj. 众多的；大量的➕

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participation /pɑːˌtɪsɪˈpeɪʃn/

n. 参与；参加➕

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command /kəˈmɑːnd/

v. 命令；指挥➕

🔊

chiefly /ˈtʃiːfli/

adv. 主要地；尤其➕

🔊

commanding /kəˈmɑːndɪŋ/

n. 指挥；命令（动名词）➕

🔊 This relation of the men who command to those they command is what constitutes the essence of the conception called power.

指挥者与被指挥者之间的这种关系,构成了所谓权力这一概念的本质。

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constitutes /ˈkɒnstɪtjuːts/

v. 构成；组成➕

🔊

essence /ˈesns/

n. 本质；实质➕

🔊 Having restored the condition of time under which all events occur, we find that a command is executed only when it is related to a corresponding series of events. Restoring the essential condition of relation between those who command and those who execute, we find that by the very nature of the case those who command take the smallest part in the action itself and that their activity is exclusively directed to commanding.

恢复了所有事件发生的时间条件之后,我们发现:只有当命令与相应的一系列事件相关联时,命令才得以执行。恢复指挥者与执行者之间关系的本质条件之后,我们发现:根据事物本身的属性,那些指挥的人亲自参与行动的程度最小,其活动完全集中于指挥。

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restored /rɪˈstɔːd/

v. 恢复；修复（restore的过去分词）➕

🔊

occur /əˈkɜːr/

v. 发生；出现➕

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executed /ˈeksɪkjuːtɪd/

v. 执行；实施（execute的过去分词）➕

🔊

essential /ɪˈsenʃl/

adj. 必要的；本质的➕

🔊

exclusively /ɪkˈskluːsɪvli/

adv. 专门地；排他地➕

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restoring /rɪˈstɔːrɪŋ/

v. 恢复（restore的现在分词）➕

Second Epilogue – Chapter six (第六章)

🔒 使用该功能需要授权码