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Part 4. A Voyage To The Country Of The Houyhnhnms – Chapter five (第五章)

探索《格列佛游记》第5章,包含英文原文、简体中文翻译、详细的雅思词汇和解释,以及英文原版音频。聆听并提高阅读技能。

英文原文
翻译
雅思词汇 (ZH-CN)

敬请读者留意,以下摘录自我与主人多次交谈的内容,概括了两年多来数次议论中最核心的要点;随着我对慧骃语言的日益精进,大人常欲求更透彻的解答。我尽其所能,向他陈述了欧洲的全貌;谈及贸易与制造业、艺术与科学;而我对他在各话题上所提问题的回答,则构成了取之不尽的谈资。但我在此只记录下我们之间关于我故国的那部分实质内容,按我所能的顺序加以整理,不拘泥于时间或其他细节,同时严格遵循事实。我唯一的忧虑是,我恐怕难以公正传达主人的论证与措辞,这必将因我能力不足以及翻译成我们粗鄙的英语而受损。

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extract /ˈekstrækt/
n. 摘录,选取的片段
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summary /ˈsʌməri/
n. 总结,概要

因此,遵奉大人之命,我向他讲述了在奥兰治亲王领导下发生的革命;这位亲王发起并由其后继者--当今女王继续的对法长期战争,基督教世界最强大的国家都卷入其中,且战事至今未息;应他要求,我估算,在整个战争进程中大约有一百万耶胡被杀;或许还有上百座城市被攻占,五倍于此的船只被烧毁或击沉。

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obedience /əˈbiːdiəns/
n. 服从,顺从

他问我:“通常是什么缘由或动机使一国与另一国交战?”我答道:“数不胜数;但我只举几个主要者。有时是君主的野心,他们总嫌领地或子民不够治理;有时是大臣的腐败,他们怂恿君主开战,以压制或转移臣民对其恶政的怨声。意见分歧曾导致数百万人丧生:例如,肉是否为面包,面包是否为肉;某种浆果的汁液是血还是酒;吹口哨是恶习还是美德;亲吻一根柱子还是将其投入火中哪个更好;外套以什么颜色为佳,黑、白、红还是灰;长短宽窄、脏净如何;还有许多。没有哪种战争如因意见分歧而起者那般狂暴血腥、旷日持久,尤其是在无关紧要之事上。”

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innumerable /ɪˈnjuːmərəbl/
adj. 无数的,数不清的
🔊 "Sometimes the quarrel between two princes is to decide which of them shall dispossess a third of his dominions, where neither of them pretend to any right. Sometimes one prince quarrels with another for fear the other should quarrel with him. Sometimes a war is entered upon, because the enemy is too strong; and sometimes, because he is too weak. Sometimes our neighbours want the things which we have, or have the things which we want, and we both fight, till they take ours, or give us theirs. It is a very justifiable cause of a war, to invade a country after the people have been wasted by famine, destroyed by pestilence, or embroiled by factions among themselves. It is justifiable to enter into war against our nearest ally, when one of his towns lies convenient for us, or a territory of land, that would render our dominions round and complete. If a prince sends forces into a nation, where the people are poor and ignorant, he may lawfully put half of them to death, and make slaves of the rest, in order to civilize and reduce them from their barbarous way of living. It is a very kingly, honourable, and frequent practice, when one prince desires the assistance of another, to secure him against an invasion, that the assistant, when he has driven out the invader, should seize on the dominions himself, and kill, imprison, or banish, the prince he came to relieve. Alliance by blood, or marriage, is a frequent cause of war between princes; and the nearer the kindred is, the greater their disposition to quarrel; poor nations are hungry, and rich nations are proud; and pride and hunger will ever be at variance. For these reasons, the trade of a soldier is held the most honourable of all others; because a soldier is a Yahoo hired to kill, in cold blood, as many of his own species, who have never offended him, as possibly he can.

“有时两位君主之间的争吵是为了决定谁该剥夺第三位君主的领土,而两人对此都毫无权利。有时一位君主与另一位争吵,是怕对方先与自己争吵。有时开战是因为敌人太强;有时则因为敌人太弱。有时邻国想要我们有的东西,或者拥有我们要的东西,于是我们双方争斗,直到他们夺走我们的,或给我们他们的。入侵一个因饥荒而民不聊生、因瘟疫而生灵涂炭、或因内乱而四分五裂的国家,是非常正当的战争理由。当我们最近的盟友有一座城池对我们而言位置便利,或有一片领土能使我们的版图圆整完备时,对之开战也是正当的。如果一位君主派兵进入一个人民贫穷愚昧的国家,他可以合法地杀死一半人,将另一半人变为奴隶,以教化他们、使其脱离野蛮的生活方式。这是一种极其王者风范、荣耀且常见的做法:当一位君主寻求另一位援助以防入侵时,援助者在驱逐入侵者后,往往自己夺取领土,并将他所解救的君主杀死、监禁或流放。血缘或婚姻联盟是君主之间战争的常见原因;亲属关系越近,他们争吵的倾向越大;穷国饥饿,富国傲慢;而傲慢与饥饿永远势不两立。由于这些原因,士兵的职业被认为是最荣耀的;因为士兵就是被雇来冷酷无情地尽可能多杀死从未冒犯过他的同类--那些耶胡。”

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dispossess /ˌdɪspəˈzes/
v. 剥夺,使失去(财产、土地等)

“在欧洲还有一种乞丐般的君主,无力独自发动战争,便将他们的军队出租给较富有的国家,按每人每天若干钱计;其中他们自留四分之三,这是他们生计的主要来源:欧洲北部许多地方就是如此。”

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beggarly /ˈbeɡərli/
adj. 乞丐般的,贫困的

“你所告诉我的关于战争之事,”我的主人说道,“的确绝妙地揭示了你们所标榜的那种理性的后果:不过幸而耻辱大于危险;而且大自然使你们几乎无力作大恶。因为,你们的嘴与脸齐平,除非双方愿意,否则很难互相有效地啃咬。至于你们前后脚上的爪子,是如此短而嫩,以至于我们的一只耶胡就能赶走你们一打。因此,在细数那些在战斗中丧生的人数时,我不得不认为你所说的并非事实。”

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admirably /ˈædmərəbli/
adv. 令人钦佩地,极好地
🔊 I could not forbear shaking my head, and smiling a little at his ignorance. And being no stranger to the art of war, I gave him a description of cannons, culverins, muskets, carabines, pistols, bullets, powder, swords, bayonets, battles, sieges, retreats, attacks, undermines, countermines, bombardments, sea fights, ships sunk with a thousand men, twenty thousand killed on each side, dying groans, limbs flying in the air, smoke, noise, confusion, trampling to death under horses' feet, flight, pursuit, victory; fields strewed with carcases, left for food to dogs and wolves and birds of prey; plundering, stripping, ravishing, burning, and destroying. And to set forth the valour of my own dear countrymen, I assured him, "that I had seen them blow up a hundred enemies at once in a siege, and as many in a ship, and beheld the dead bodies drop down in pieces from the clouds, to the great diversion of the spectators." I was going on to more particulars, when my master commanded me silence. He said, "whoever understood the nature of Yahoos, might easily believe it possible for so vile an animal to be capable of every action I had named, if their strength and cunning equalled their malice. But as my discourse had increased his abhorrence of the whole species, so he found it gave him a disturbance in his mind to which he was wholly a stranger before. He thought his ears, being used to such abominable words, might, by degrees, admit them with less detestation: that although he hated the Yahoos of this country, yet he no more blamed them for their odious qualities, than he did a gnnayh (a bird of prey) for its cruelty, or a sharp stone for cutting his hoof. But when a creature pretending to reason could be capable of such enormities, he dreaded lest the corruption of that faculty might be worse than brutality itself. He seemed therefore confident, that, instead of reason we were only possessed of some quality fitted to increase our natural vices; as the reflection from a troubled stream returns the image of an ill shapen body, not only larger but more distorted."

我忍不住摇头,对他的无知微微一笑。我深谙战争艺术,便向他描述了加农炮、长炮、火枪、卡宾枪、手枪、子弹、火药、刀剑、刺刀、战斗、围城、撤退、进攻、地道、反地道、轰炸、海战、千人之船沉没、双方两万人战死、垂死的呻吟、飞溅的肢体、硝烟、喧嚣、混乱、马蹄下的践踏、逃跑、追击、胜利;田野上遍布尸体,留作狗、狼和猛禽的食物;掠夺、剥衣、奸淫、焚毁、破坏。为了彰显我亲爱的同胞们的英勇,我向他保证:“我曾见过他们在一次围攻中一举炸死一百个敌人,在船上也炸死那么多,并看到尸体碎片从云端落下,令观者大悦。”我正要进一步细述,主人却命令我住口。他说:“凡是了解耶胡本性的人,都不难相信,如此卑劣的动物若其力量和狡诈能与恶意相当,那么我所列举的每一种行为它们都干得出来。只是我的讲述加深了他对整个人类的憎恶,同时也使他心中产生了前所未有的烦乱。他觉得,他的耳朵虽然习惯了如此可憎的言辞,但也许能逐渐容忍而少些厌恶;他虽然憎恨本国的耶胡,但对其可憎的品质并不比责难一只猛禽的残忍或一块尖石割伤他的蹄子更多。然而,当一个自称理性的生物竟能做出如此滔天恶行时,他不禁担忧这种官能的败坏可能比兽性本身更糟糕。因此他似乎确信,我们并不拥有理性,而只拥有某种助长我们天生恶习的品性;如同从浑浊的溪流中反射出的畸形躯体影像,不仅更大,而且更加扭曲。”

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forbear /fɔːˈbeər/
v. 克制,忍住

他补充道:“关于战争的话题,他在这次和之前的谈话中已经听得够多了。现在还有一点令他略感困惑。我曾告诉他,我们船上有些人是因为被法律毁掉而离开祖国的;我已经解释过这个词的意思;但他不明白,法律本是为保全每个人而设,何以竟会毁掉任何人。因此他希望进一步了解我所说的法律及其执行者究竟是什么意思,根据我在自己国家的现行做法;因为他认为,对于一种自称理性的动物(就像我们一样),天性和理性足以指引我们明白该做什么、该避免什么。”

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perplexed /pəˈplekst/
adj. 困惑的,不知所措的

我向大人保证:“法律是一门我不甚通晓的学问,除了在受到不公正对待时徒劳地聘请过律师之外;但我仍将尽我所能令他满意。”

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conversed /kənˈvɜːst/
v. 交谈(过去式)
🔊 I said, "there was a society of men among us, bred up from their youth in the art of proving, by words multiplied for the purpose, that white is black, and black is white, according as they are paid. To this society all the rest of the people are slaves. For example, if my neighbour has a mind to my cow, he has a lawyer to prove that he ought to have my cow from me. I must then hire another to defend my right, it being against all rules of law that any man should be allowed to speak for himself. Now, in this case, I, who am the right owner, lie under two great disadvantages: first, my lawyer, being practised almost from his cradle in defending falsehood, is quite out of his element when he would be an advocate for justice, which is an unnatural office he always attempts with great awkwardness, if not with ill-will. The second disadvantage is, that my lawyer must proceed with great caution, or else he will be reprimanded by the judges, and abhorred by his brethren, as one that would lessen the practice of the law. And therefore I have but two methods to preserve my cow. The first is, to gain over my adversary's lawyer with a double fee, who will then betray his client by insinuating that he hath justice on his side. The second way is for my lawyer to make my cause appear as unjust as he can, by allowing the cow to belong to my adversary: and this, if it be skilfully done, will certainly bespeak the favour of the bench. Now your honour is to know, that these judges are persons appointed to decide all controversies of property, as well as for the trial of criminals, and picked out from the most dexterous lawyers, who are grown old or lazy; and having been biassed all their lives against truth and equity, lie under such a fatal necessity of favouring fraud, perjury, and oppression, that I have known some of them refuse a large bribe from the side where justice lay, rather than injure the faculty, by doing any thing unbecoming their nature or their office.

我说:“在我们之中有一个由人组成的社会,这些人自幼便受到训练,擅长通过刻意堆砌辞藻来证明白是黑、黑是白,全凭雇主付钱多少而定。这个社会统治着其余所有人。例如,如果我的邻居想要我的牛,他会雇律师证明他理应从我这里得到这头牛。那我就得另雇一位来捍卫我的权利,因为任何法律都禁止当事人为自己辩护。在这种情况下,作为合法主人,我面临两大不利:第一,我的律师几乎从摇篮起就惯于为虚假辩护,当他试图为正义辩护时便完全不得要领,这项不自然的任务他总干得笨拙不堪,若非心存恶意的话。第二个不利是,我的律师必须极为谨慎,否则会被法官斥责,并为同行所不齿,被视为削弱法律执业的人。因此我只有两种方法保住我的牛:第一,以双倍费用买通对方律师,他便会暗示他的客户并无理据,从而背叛客户。第二种方法是,让我的律师尽量把我的案子说得不公正,承认牛属于对方;若做得巧妙,必然能博得法官的欢心。大人要知道,这些法官是专司裁决财产纠纷和审判罪犯的,他们从最机敏的律师中选出,那些律师已老迈或懒惰;由于毕生偏袒不公与欺诈,他们注定不偏向真理与正义,以致我见过有些法官即使面对正义一方的大额贿赂也拒绝接受,唯恐做出有违其本性或职责之事而损害这一行业。”

🔊
society /səˈsaɪəti/
n. 社会,团体

“这些律师有一条格言:凡是以前做过的事,都可以合法地重做;因此他们特别用心地记录所有先前违背公正和人类普遍理性的判决。这些被冠以先例之名,被引为权威来为最不义的见解辩护;法官们则无不据此裁决。”

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maxim /ˈmæksɪm/
n. 格言,准则

“在辩护时,他们刻意避免深入案情的是非曲直;而是大声、激烈、冗长地纠缠于所有无关的细节。例如,在上述案例中,他们绝不去了解我的对手对我的牛有何权利要求或所有权;只关心那头牛是红是黑;角是长是短;我放牧的田地是圆是方;它是在家中还是在外地挤奶;它易患何种疾病,诸如此类;此后他们查阅先例,一再延期审理,过了十年、二十年或三十年才结案。”

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pleading /ˈpliːdɪŋ/
n. 辩护,诉状

“同样值得注意的是,这个社会有一套独特的行话或黑话,凡人无法理解,而所有法律都用这种语言写成,他们还特意使之繁衍;借此,他们完全混淆了真理与谬误、正义与非正义的本质;以至于要花三十年才能决定,一块由我祖先传了六代的田地是属于我,还是属于三百英里外的一个陌生人。”

🔊
peculiar /pɪˈkjuːliər/
adj. 独特的,特有的

“在审判危害国家罪的被告时,方法则更简短且值得称道:法官先派人探听当权者的意向,然后他就可以轻松地处死或赦免罪犯,同时严格保留所有法律形式。”

🔊
commendable /kəˈmendəbl/
adj. 值得称赞的

此时我的主人插话道:“依你的描述,这些律师必定拥有如此非凡的才智,可惜他们没有被鼓励去教导他人智慧与知识。”我回答时向大人保证:“除了他们自己的行当,他们在所有其他方面通常是我们中最愚昧无知的一群,在平常交谈中最令人不齿,公开仇视一切知识与学问,并且在其他任何话题上也都像对待自己的职业一样,蓄意歪曲人类的普遍理性。”

🔊
interposing /ˌɪntəˈpəʊzɪŋ/
v. 插话,介入(现在分词)
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翻译与词汇解析由 Learn-en.org 英语教研组 资深专家提供,
基于权威英语语料库及文学译本审校,适用于雅思/学术英语深度研读。