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Part 4. A Voyage To The Country Of The Houyhnhnms – Chapter four (第四章)

探索《格列佛游记》第4章,包含英文原文、简体中文翻译、详细的雅思词汇和解释,以及英文原版音频。聆听并提高阅读技能。

英文原文
翻译
雅思词汇 (ZH-CN)

慧骃对真理与谬误的看法。作者的论述遭到主人的否定。作者更详细地介绍自己,以及他航程中的遭遇。

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notion /ˈnəʊʃən/
n. 概念;观念
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discourse /ˈdɪskɔːrs/
n. 论述;谈话
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voyage /ˈvɔɪɪdʒ/
n. 航行;航海

我的主人听我讲述时,脸上明显露出不安的神情;因为在这个国度,怀疑或不相信的事情鲜为人知,居民们不知该如何应对这样的情况。我记得,在与主人频繁谈论世界其他地方的人性时,我曾有机会提到说谎和虚假陈述,他理解我的意思十分困难,尽管他在其他方面有着极其敏锐的判断力。因为他这样论证道:“语言的作用是让我们相互理解,并获取事实信息;现在,如果有人说了假话,这些目的就落空了,因为我不能说自己理解了他;我非但没有获得信息,反而比无知更糟糕;因为当事情是白的时候,他却让我相信是黑的;当事情长的时候,他却让我相信是短的。”这就是他对说谎这种能力的全部看法,而这种能力在人类当中却被如此透彻地理解并普遍地实践。

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uneasiness /ʌnˈiːziːnɪs/
n. 不安;担忧
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countenance /ˈkaʊntɪnəns/
n. 面容;表情
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inhabitants /ɪnˈhæbɪtənts/
n. 居民;居住者
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circumstances /ˈsɜːrkəmstænsɪz/
n. 情况;环境
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ignorance /ˈɪɡnərəns/
n. 无知;愚昧
🔊 To return from this digression. When I asserted that the Yahoos were the only governing animals in my country, which my master said was altogether past his conception, he desired to know, “whether we had Houyhnhnms among us, and what was their employment?” I told him, “we had great numbers; that in summer they grazed in the fields, and in winter were kept in houses with hay and oats, where Yahoo servants were employed to rub their skins smooth, comb their manes, pick their feet, serve them with food, and make their beds.” “I understand you well,” said my master: “it is now very plain, from all you have spoken, that whatever share of reason the Yahoos pretend to, the Houyhnhnms are your masters; I heartily wish our Yahoos would be so tractable.” I beggedhis honour would please to excuse me from proceeding any further, because I was very certain that the account he expected from me would be highly displeasing.” But he insisted in commanding me to let him know the best and the worst. I told himhe should be obeyed.” I ownedthat the Houyhnhnms among us, whom we called horses, were the most generous and comely animals we had; that they excelled in strength and swiftness; and when they belonged to persons of quality, were employed in travelling, racing, or drawing chariots; they were treated with much kindness and care, till they fell into diseases, or became foundered in the feet; but then they were sold, and used to all kind of drudgery till they died; after which their skins were stripped, and sold for what they were worth, and their bodies left to be devoured by dogs and birds of prey. But the common race of horses had not so good fortune, being kept by farmers and carriers, and other mean people, who put them to greater labour, and fed them worse.” I described, as well as I could, our way of riding; the shape and use of a bridle, a saddle, a spur, and a whip; of harness and wheels. I added, “that we fastened plates of a certain hard substance, called iron, at the bottom of their feet, to preserve their hoofs from being broken by the stony ways, on which we often travelled.”

回到正题。当我断言在祖国只有耶胡是统治动物时,主人说这完全超出他的理解,他想要知道,“我们之中是否有慧骃,它们做什么工作?”我告诉他,“我们有大量的慧骃;夏天它们在田野吃草,冬天养在屋里吃干草和燕麦,由耶胡仆人为它们擦皮肤、梳鬃毛、清理蹄子、喂食和铺床。” “我明白你的意思,”主人说,“根据你说的话,现在很清楚,无论耶胡自称有多少理性,慧骃才是你们的主人;我衷心希望我们的耶胡也能如此驯服。”我恳求“阁下能否允许我不再往下说,因为我肯定他要我讲的事情会令他非常不悦。”但他坚持命令我把最坏和最好的情况都告诉他。我说“遵命。”我承认“我们之中称为马的慧骃,是我们拥有的最高贵、最漂亮的动物;它们在力量和速度上都很出色;当属于上等人时,用于旅行、赛马或拉车;它们受到仁慈和关怀的对待,直到患病或蹄子受伤;但随后就被卖掉,做各种苦工直到死去;死后皮被剥下卖掉,尸体则丢弃给狗和猛禽。但普通马匹就没这么好运气了,它们被农夫、车夫和其他下等人饲养,承受更重的劳役,喂得更差。”我尽可能描述了我们骑马的方式;缰绳、马鞍、马刺和马鞭的形状和用途;以及挽具和车轮。我补充说,“我们在它们的蹄底钉上一种叫做铁的坚硬物质制成的板,以防止马蹄被我们常走的石子路磨破。”

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digression /daɪˈɡreʃən/
n. 离题;岔开话题
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conception /kənˈsepʃən/
n. 概念;构想
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tractable /ˈtræktəbəl/
adj. 易驾驭的;温顺的
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chariots /ˈtʃæriəts/
n. 战车;马车
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devoured /dɪˈvaʊərd/
v. 吞噬;吃光

我的主人表现出极大的愤慨,他奇怪“我们怎么敢冒险骑到慧骃的背上;因为他确信,他家里最弱的仆人都能把最强壮的耶胡甩下去;或者躺下翻滚,把那畜生压死。”我回答说,“我们的马从三四岁开始,就按照我们打算的用途进行训练;如果有哪匹马性情特别恶劣,就会被用来拉车;它们年轻时就因顽皮而挨打;用于普通骑乘或拉车的公马一般在出生两年后阉割,以降低它们的野性,使它们更驯服温顺;它们确实能感受到奖赏和惩罚;但请阁下考虑,它们没有一丝理性,就像这个国家的耶胡一样。”

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indignation /ˌɪndɪɡˈneɪʃən/
n. 愤慨;愤怒
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venture /ˈventʃər/
v. 冒险;敢于
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brute /bruːt/
n. 野兽;残忍的人
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castrated /kæˈstreɪtɪd/
v. 阉割
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tincture /ˈtɪŋktʃər/
n. 一丝;迹象
🔊 It put me to the pains of many circumlocutions, to give my master a right idea of what I spoke; for their language does not abound in variety of words, because their wants and passions are fewer than among us. But it is impossible to express his noble resentment at our savage treatment of the Houyhnhnm race; particularly after I had explained the manner and use of castrating horses among us, to hinder them from propagating their kind, and to render them more servile. He said, “if it were possible there could be any country where Yahoos alone were endued with reason, they certainly must be the governing animal; because reason in time will always prevail against brutal strength. But, considering the frame of our bodies, and especially of mine, he thought no creature of equal bulk was so ill-contrived for employing that reason in the common offices of life;” whereupon he desired to knowwhether those among whom I lived resembled me, or the Yahoos of his country?” I assured him, “that I was as well shaped as most of my age; but the younger, and the females, were much more soft and tender, and the skins of the latter generally as white as milk.” He said, “I differed indeed from other Yahoos, being much more cleanly, and not altogether so deformed; but, in point of real advantage, he thought I differed for the worse: that my nails were of no use either to my fore or hinder feet; as to my fore feet, he could not properly call them by that name, for he never observed me to walk upon them; that they were too soft to bear the ground; that I generally went with them uncovered; neither was the covering I sometimes wore on them of the same shape, or so strong as that on my feet behind: that I could not walk with any security, for if either of my hinder feet slipped, I must inevitably fall.” He then began to find fault with other parts of my body: “the flatness of my face, the prominence of my nose, mine eyes placed directly in front, so that I could not look on either side without turning my head: that I was not able to feed myself, without lifting one of my fore-feet to my mouth: and therefore nature had placed those joints to answer that necessity. He knew not what could be the use of those several clefts and divisions in my feet behind; that these were too soft to bear the hardness and sharpness of stones, without a covering made from the skin of some other brute; that my whole body wanted a fence against heat and cold, which I was forced to put on and off every day, with tediousness and trouble: and lastly, that he observed every animal in this country naturally to abhor the Yahoos, whom the weaker avoided, and the stronger drove from them.

为了让主人正确理解我的意思,我费了不少劲绕弯子解释;因为他们的语言词汇不丰富,他们的需求和情感比我们少。但无法表达他对我们野蛮对待慧骃种族的崇高愤慨;尤其是在我解释了阉割马的方法和用途之后,目的是阻止它们繁衍后代,使它们更加顺从。他说,“如果可能有一个只有耶胡被赋予理性的国家,它们必定是统治动物;因为理性最终总会战胜野蛮的力量。但是,考虑到我们身体的构造,尤其是我的身体,他认为同样大小的生物中,没有比我这副躯体更不适合在日常生活中运用理性的。”于是他想知道“我生活的那些人是像我这样,还是像他国家的耶胡?”我向他保证,“我和大多数同龄人身材一样好;但更年轻的人和女性要柔软娇嫩得多,后者的皮肤通常像牛奶一样白。”他说,“我确实与其他耶胡不同,我干净得多,也没有那么畸形;但就实际优点而言,他认为我更差劲:我的指甲对前后脚都没有用;至于前脚,他不能称之为脚,因为他从未见我用于走路;它们太软,撑不住地面;我通常不穿东西走路;我有时穿的覆盖物也与后脚的形状不同,也不如后脚的结实;我不能安稳地行走,因为一旦后脚打滑,我必定摔倒。”然后他开始挑剔我身体的其他部分:“我的脸扁平,鼻子突出,眼睛直接长在前面,所以我必须转头才能看到两侧;我不能不用前蹄举到嘴边来进食;因此大自然在这些关节处设置了用途。他不知道我后脚上的那些裂缝和分叉有什么用;它们太软,无法承受石头的硬度和锋利,除非用其他兽皮做成的覆盖物;我全身都需要抵御冷热的防护,而我每天不得不穿上脱下,既麻烦又费事;最后,他观察到这个国家的每一种动物都本能地厌恶耶胡,弱者避开它们,强者把它们赶走。”

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circumlocutions /ˌsɜːrkəmləˈkjuːʃənz/
n. 迂回说法;累赘的言语
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resentment /rɪˈzentmənt/
n. 怨恨;愤恨
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savage /ˈsævɪdʒ/
adj. 野蛮的;凶猛的
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propagating /ˈprɒpəɡeɪtɪŋ/
v. 繁殖;传播
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servile /ˈsɜːrvaɪl/
adj. 奴性的;卑屈的

因此,假设我们拥有理性的天赋,他看不出如何才能治愈每个生物对我们表现出的那种天生的反感;也看不出我们如何才能驯服它们并使它们听从差遣。不过,他说,“他不想再争论这个问题,因为他更想了解我自己的故事,我出生的国家,以及我来这里之前的各种行动和事件。”

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antipathy /ænˈtɪpəθi/
n. 反感;厌恶
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consequently /ˈkɒnsɪkwəntli/
adv. 因此;结果
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desirous /dɪˈzaɪərəs/
adj. 渴望的;想要的

我向他保证,“我非常渴望他能满意每一个问题;但我非常怀疑,我是否能在几个他毫无概念的话题上解释清楚自己;因为我在他的国家看不到任何相似的东西;不过我会尽力,设法用比喻来表达,当我需要适当词汇时,谦卑地请求他的帮助。”他乐意答应了我。

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similitudes /sɪˈmɪlɪtjuːdz/
n. 比拟;相似之处
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humbly /ˈhʌmbli/
adv. 谦逊地;卑微地
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strive /straɪv/
v. 努力;奋斗
🔊 I said, “my birth was of honest parents, in an island called England; which was remote from his country, as many daysjourney as the strongest of his honours servants could travel in the annual course of the sun; that I was bred a surgeon, whose trade it is to cure wounds and hurts in the body, gotten by accident or violence; that my country was governed by a female man, whom we called queen; that I left it to get riches, whereby I might maintain myself and family, when I should return; that, in my last voyage, I was commander of the ship, and had about fifty Yahoos under me, many of which died at sea, and I was forced to supply them by others picked out from several nations; that our ship was twice in danger of being sunk, the first time by a great storm, and the second by striking against a rock.” Here my master interposed, by asking me, “how I could persuade strangers, out of different countries, to venture with me, after the losses I had sustained, and the hazards I had run?” I said, “they were fellows of desperate fortunes, forced to fly from the places of their birth on account of their poverty or their crimes. Some were undone by lawsuits; others spent all they had in drinking, whoring, and gaming; others fled for treason; many for murder, theft, poisoning, robbery, perjury, forgery, coining false money, for committing rapes, or sodomy; for flying from their colours, or deserting to the enemy; and most of them had broken prison; none of these durst return to their native countries, for fear of being hanged, or of starving in a jail; and therefore they were under the necessity of seeking a livelihood in other places.”

我说,“我出身于诚实的父母,在一个叫英格兰的岛上;那里离他的国家很远,即使他阁下最健壮的仆人沿着太阳的轨道旅行,也要许多天的路程;我从小被培养成外科医生,职业是治疗身体因意外或暴力造成的伤口;我的国家由一位女性人类统治,我们称她为女王;我离开国家是为了发财,以便回去后养活自己和家人;在最后一次航行中,我担任船长,手下有大约五十名耶胡,其中许多在海上死了,我不得不从不同国家挑选其他人来补充;我们的船两次险些沉没,第一次是由于大风暴,第二次是撞上了礁石。”这时主人插话,问我,“在遭受损失和经历危险之后,我怎么能说服不同国家的陌生人冒险跟我走?”我说,“他们是一些走投无路的家伙,因为贫穷或犯罪被迫逃离出生地。有些人因诉讼倾家荡产;另一些人因酗酒、嫖娼和赌博花光了所有钱;还有一些人因叛国而逃亡;很多是因谋杀、盗窃、投毒、抢劫、伪证、伪造货币、强奸或鸡奸;或是逃离军队投奔敌人;其中大多数曾越狱;这些人都不敢回到祖国,害怕被绞死或在监狱里饿死;因此他们不得不在其他地方谋生。”

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remote /rɪˈmoʊt/
adj. 遥远的;偏远的
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annual /ˈænjuəl/
adj. 每年的;年度的
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surgeon /ˈsɜːrdʒən/
n. 外科医生
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poverty /ˈpɒvərti/
n. 贫穷;贫困
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treason /ˈtriːzən/
n. 叛国罪;背叛

在这次交谈中,主人多次打断我。我用了许多迂回的描述,向他说明我们大部分船员被迫逃离国家的各种罪行本质。这番努力花费了好几天谈话,他才能够理解我。他完全困惑,不知道实践这些恶习有什么用处或必要性。为了澄清这一点,我努力给出一些关于权力和财富欲望的观念;关于淫欲、放纵、恶意和嫉妒的可怕后果。所有这些我都不得不用举例和假设来定义和描述。之后,他像一个想象力被前所未见、前所未闻的事物所冲击的人,会抬起双眼,充满惊愕和愤慨。权力、政府、战争、法律、惩罚以及上千种其他事物,在那个语言中没有术语可以表达,这使得几乎无法克服困难,让主人理解我的意思。但由于他理解力极强,又通过沉思和交谈大大提高,他最终对我们在世界上那个部分的人类本性所能做到的事情有了足够的认识,并要求我详细讲述我们称为欧洲的那个地方,尤其是我的祖国。

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interrupt /ˌɪntəˈrʌpt/
v. 打断;中断
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crew /kruː/
n. 全体船员;工作人员
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vices /ˈvaɪsɪz/
n. 恶习;罪恶
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endeavoured /ɪnˈdevərd/
v. 尽力;努力
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insuperable /ɪnˈsuːpərəbəl/
adj. 不可逾越的;难以克服的
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翻译与词汇解析由 Learn-en.org 英语教研组 资深专家提供,
基于权威英语语料库及文学译本审校,适用于雅思/学术英语深度研读。